Kamar yadda zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Amurka na shekarar 2024 ya kusa kare, zaɓen kwamishinai (Electoral College) ya zama abin da aka fi mayar da hankali a kai. Vice President Kamala Harris da tsohon Shugaban ƙasa Donald Trump suna cikin hamayya mai ƙarfi a cikin zaɓen ƙasa da na jihohin masu hamayya, inda kowa yake neman samun kuri’u 270 na kwamishinai.
Sistem din na zaɓen kwamishinai an tsara shi a cikin Article II na Tsarin Mulkin Amurka, inda shugaban ƙasar Amurka ba a zabe shi ne ta hanyar kuri’un jama’a ba, amma ta hanyar kwamishinai. Kowace jiha an raba ta kuri’u na kwamishinai bisa ga girman wakilanta a majalisar dattijai da wakilai. Jihohin da suke da yawan kuri’u na kwamishinai sun hada da California (54) da Texas (40).
Don haka, zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Amurka ba zaɓe guda ɗaya ba ne, amma zaɓe 51 daban-daban. Kowace jiha da Babban Birnin Washington DC suna da dokinsu na gudanar da zaɓe, kuma kowace jiha tana bayar da kuri’u na kwamishinai daban. Dan takara dole ne ya samu kuri’u 270 daga cikin kuri’u 538 na kwamishinai don lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa.
Jihohi da yawa suna amfani da tsarin ‘winner-takes-all’, inda dan takara da ya samu kuri’u mafi yawa a jiha ya samu dukkan kuri’u na kwamishinai na jiha. Haka kuma, jihohin biyu, Nebraska da Maine, suna raba kuri’u na kwamishinai sukan su ne bisa ga zaben gundumomi.
Kwamishinai na kowace jiha ana zaɓar su ne ta hanyar jam’iyyun siyasa na jiha. Duk da cewa Tsarin Mulkin Amurka bai bashi kwamishinai wajibi ba na kada kuri’a ga wanda ya lashe zaɓen jama’a a jihar, amma manyan doka suna hana kwamishinai na ‘faithless’ (wanda ba ya biya umurni).
Har ila yau, masu suka na tsarin zaɓen kwamishinai suna jayayya cewa tsarin na bai dace da ra’ayin ‘one person, one vote’ na zamani, saboda kuri’u a jihohin ƙanana suna da ƙarfi fiye da kuri’u a jihohin manya. Wannan ya sa wasu kuri’u suka fi ƙarfi fiye da wasu.
